| Cosmology__A_Research_Briefing An online book from the National Academy of Sciences. Includes chapters on CMBR, the large scale structure of universe, and the physics of the early universe. |
| Cosmology_Books_and_Links Annotated list of books, articles, and websites from a popular course at Sonoma State University. |
| Cosmology_made_Simple A brief, non-mathematical introduction to modern cosmology. |
| CosmoNet An "interactive book" focusing on the topics of astronomy, cosmology, and theoretical physics. It also provides a number of services including an index of all 88 constellations, several interactive g |
| Distant_Galaxies_and_Cosmology_Models Article on possible cosmological models. |
| Galaxy_Formation_and_the_Intergalactic_Medium This site is dedicated to summarizing the research of Paul Shapiro's cosmology group. Of interest mainly to specialists. |
| Good_Cosmology_Sites Links to cosmology resources, and a tutorial by a UCLA professor. |
| Great_Debates_in_Astronomy Following in the footsteps of the famous April 1920 'Great Debate' between Harlow Shapley and Heber Curtis, this series of debates among leaders in the astronomical community highlight major quests i |
| Introduction_to_Cosmology These notes form an introduction to cosmology with special emphasis on large scale structure, the cmb anisotropy and inflation. In some places a basic familiarity with particle physics is assume |
| Introduction_to_Cosmology A NASA site for the general public featuring a collection of questions and answers on cosmology. |
| Introduction_to_the_Cosmic_Microwave_Background Basic explanations of key concepts, including the Big Bang, expansion of the universe, and the ripples in the density of the early universe that led to the galaxies and stars we see today. |
| LAMBDA_-_Legacy_Archive_for_Microwave_Background_Data Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) archive of science research. CMB data is an important aspect of research in cosmology. |
| MACHO_Project Primary aim is to test the hypothesis that a significant fraction of the dark matter in the halo of the Milky Way is made up of objects like brown dwarfs or planets: these objects have come to be kn |
| MAP_Home_Page MAP is a MIDEX class mission, selected by NASA in 1996, to probe conditions in the early universe. MAP measures temperature differences ("anisotropy") in the cosmic microwave background radiation. |
| Max_Tegmark Cosmologist's personal site including discussions of movies, experiments, and data analysis efforts. |
| Messier_81_Internal_Motions van Maanen's astrometrically determined internal motions of the spiral nebula Messier 81. |
| MSAM/TopHat_High_Altitude_Scientific_Balloons A series of scientic experiments flying as balloon payloads in Texas and Antarctica, designed to measure the medium-scale anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR). |
| Mysteries_of_Deep_Space_-_History_of_the_Universe_Timeline From PBS Online |
| Ned_Wright\'s_Cosmology_Tutorial An illustrated introductory guide to the topic, attempting to summarize modern discoveries on the origin, current state, and future of our Universe. |
| NOVA_-_Runaway_Universe Examines the size, future and fate of the universe as well as the possible existence of others. Also explores what happens in a supernova explosion, a map of the universe on a cosmological scale, and |
| The_Origin_of_Elements Arno Allan Penzias Nobel Lecture. |
| Phantom_Energy_and_Cosmic_Doomsday Phantom energy, with negative sum of pressure and energy density, could lead to the universe tearing itself apart in a "Big Rip". |
| Planck_Satellite ESA mission designed to find the three cosmological parameters: the Hubble parameter, the density and the deceleration parameter from variations in the cosmic background radiation. |
| Revved-Up_Universe Astronomers are convinced that the expansion of the Universe accelerates. |
| Supernova_Cosmology_Project This Berkeley labs site is based on observation of red shift in stars going supernova. |
| Tufts_Institute_of_Cosmology The Cosmology group at Tufts University with links to other cosmology sites |
| The_Big_Bang_(One_More_Time) A new model of the universe says it repeats itself in an endless cycle. Article from Christian Science Monitor. (May 9, 2002) |
| Turning_On_the_Universe Astronomers say the Universe's expansion has been accelerating recently. A new model for repulsive 'dark energy' may help explain the acceleration in a more natural way than other models. From Physica |
| Review_of_Mistake_of_Einstein Cosmologists have used recent data to constrain the type of 'dark energy' that may fill all of space. (July 30, 1999) |
| Abel_-_Niels_Henrik_Abel_(1802-1829) Norwegian mathematician. Worked on elliptic functions and integrals, algebraic solution of equations and solubility by radicals. |
| Al-Sabi_Thabit_ibn_Qurra_al-Harrani Gives information on background and contributions to non-euclidean geometry, spherical trigonometry, number theory and the field of statics. Was an important translator of Greek materials, including |
| Andrei_Nikolaevich_Kolmogorov_(1903-1987) The most prominent twentieth-century mathematician. |
| Archimedes Provides a biography and cultural background, as well as details about his discoveries. Page includes photos and a timeline. |
| Archimedes__(c__287_B_C_-212_B_C_) (Encyclopedia.com) Greek mathematician, physicist, and inventor. |
| Bernoulli,_Daniel_(1700-1782) Most important work considered the basic properties of fluid flow, pressure, density and velocity, and gave their fundamental relationship now known as Bernoulli's principle. |
| Bessel_-_Friedrich_Wilhelm_Bessel_(1784-1846) Catalogued stars, predicted a planet beyond Uranus as well as the existence of dark stars, investigated Johann Kepler's problem of heliocentricity, and systematized the mathematical functions involved |
| Biographies_of_Women_Mathematicians On-going project by students in mathematics classes at Agnes Scott College, in Atlanta, Georgia. |
| Cauchy_-_Augustin-Louis_Cauchy_(1789-1857) (Catholic Encyclopedia) Theory of polyhedra, symmetrical functions, proof of a theorem of Fermat which had baffled mathematicians like Gauss and Euler. |
| Cauchy,_Augustin_Louis_(1789-1857) Cauchy contributed to almost every branch of mathematics. He is probably best known for his important contributions to real and complex analysis. |
| Chebyshev_-_Pafnuty_Lvovich_Chebyshev_(1821-1894) Work on prime numbers included the determination of the number of primes not exceeding a given number, wrote an important book on the theory of congruences, proved that there was always at least one p |
| Cramer_-_Gabriel_Cramer_(1704-1752) Best known for his work on determinants, made contributions to the study of algebraic curves. |
| Dedekind,_Richard_(1831-1916) study of CONTINUITY and definition of the real numbers in terms of Dedekind "cuts", the nature of number and mathematical induction, definition of finite and infinite sets; algebraic number fields, co |
| Diophantus_of_Alexandria_(c__200-284_) Best known for his Arithmetica, a work on the theory of numbers, a collection of 130 problems giving numerical solutions of determinate equations. |
| Dirichlet_-_Johann_Peter_Gustav_Lejeune_Dirichlet_(1805-1859) Proved that in any arithmetic progression with first term coprime to the difference there are infinitely many primes, units in algebraic number theory, ideals, proposed the modern definition of a func |
| Eratosthenes_of_Cyrene_(276-194_BC) Discusses this early Grecian's discoveries in finding a good approximation of the circumference of the earth, the tilt angle of our planet and a tool for finding prime numbers. Page includes biogra |
| The_Eratosthenes_Project Gives information about the techniques and computations used by this ancient mathematician to find the circumference of the earth. Includes sample sketch and reconstructed map of the world. |
| Fermat_-_Pierre_de_Fermat_(1601-1665) From `A Short Account of the History of Mathematics' (4th edition, 1908) by W. W. Rouse Ball. |
| Fibonacci_-_Who_was_Fibonacci?_-_Leonardo_of_Pisa_(1175?-1250) His names, mathematical contributions, Introducing the decimal number system into Europe, Fibonacci Series. |
| Fibonacci_Mathematics_by_Dr__Peter_Reimers Describes the rabbit problem and the Fibonacci sequence and some generalized rules. |
| Galois_-_The_Evariste_Galois_Archive Includes personal biography, explanation of his theory and related links. |
| Galois,_Evariste Biography in the St Andres archive. |
| Galois,_Évariste_(1811-1832) Galois theory, a branch of mathematics dealing with the general solution of equations, group theory, method of determining when a general equation could be solved by radicals, solved many long-standin |
| Gauss_-_Carl_Friedrich_Gauss_(1777-1855) Gauss' Biography, Formulae, properties, Gauss' Life in Charts, Quotes, Doing a report on Gauss?, Works Cited List |
| Grassmann,_Hermann_-_1862 Explains the published paper called Ausdehnungslehre, which translates to "Theory of Extension". The purpose is to create a universal type of geometric calculus. This development is used in linear a |
| The_Grothendieck_Biography_Project Links relating to Alexandre Groethendieck. |
| The_Grothendieck_Circle Aims to make publicly available materials written by and about Alexandre Grothendieck. Made contributions to algebraic geometry, homological algebra and functional analysis. Page includes list of ma |
| History_of_Mathematics Online texts of historic mathematical people, including Hamilton, Riemann, Newton, Boole, and Cantor. Also, has biographical backgrounds for key figures during the 17th and 18th centuries. |
| The_History_of_Mathematics Collection of original papers of Berkeley, Hamilton, Riemann, Boole, Cantor, and Newton. Includes background and notes. Maintained by David R. Wilkins from Trinity College, Dublin |
| Kolmogorov,_Andrei_Nikolaevich_(1903-1987) Worked on trigonometric series, set theory, integration analysis, constructive logic, topology, approximation methods, probability, statistics, random processes, information theory, dynamical systems, |
| Lambert_-_Johann_Heinrich_Lambert_(1728_-_1777) In a memoir in 1768 on transcendental magnitudes he proved that pi is incommensurable. |
| Oughtred,_William_(1574-1660) Best known for the invention of an early form of the slide rule. |
| Peirce,_Benjamin_(1809-1880) Life and work of 19th century mathematician and philosopher of mathematics; by Ivor Grattan-Guinness and Alison Walsh. |
| Pell,_John_(1611-1685) Worked on algebra and number theory, gave a table of factors of all integers up to 100000 in 1668. Pell's equation is y^2 = ax^2 + 1, where a is a non-square integer. |
| Plato_(427-347_B_C_) "... the reality which scientific thought is seeking must be expressible in mathematical terms, mathematics being the most precise and definite kind of thinking of which we are capable." |
| Schmidt,_Erhard_(1876-1959) Main research was functional analysis, doctorate was obtained under Hilbert's supervision, main interest was in integral equations and Hilbert space, best remembered for the Gram-Schmidt orthogonalisa |
| Sheynin,_Oscar Freelance researcher specializes in the history of probability, statistics and error theory. Page includes list of publications and outside reviews. |
